充分运用市场机制促进碳减排
北京市为全国碳市场启动贡献“北京经验”
Market mechanism promoting carbon emission reduction,
Contributes "Beijing experience" to the launch of the national carbon market
中国政府一贯高度重视应对气候变化。习近平主席在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上的讲话中庄严承诺，中国将提高“国家自主贡献”力度，二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to addressing climate change. President Xi Jinping delivered a speech at the general debate of the 75th United Nations General Assembly and solemnly promised that China will increase its "Nationally Determined Contribution", strive to peak carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
应对气候变化关键在于减少碳排放。在应对气候变化和促进绿色低碳发展的进程中，碳排放权交易可以充分发挥市场机制作用，以成本效益最优的方式实现碳减排，同时促进技术进步、产业升级，为实现碳达峰、碳中和目标提供支持。
The key to combating climate change is to reduce carbon emissions. In the course of addressing climate change and promoting green and low-carbon development, carbon dioxide emission trading play the role of the market mechanism, achieve carbon emission reduction in the most cost-effective way, and also promote technological progress, industrial upgrading, and achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.
北京作为大国首都，始终将绿色发展作为城市发展的基本战略，在碳排放总量和强度“双控”机制、碳市场运行机制等多方面进行创新探索，持续推动产业结构优化和能源清洁低碳转型，绿色低碳发展取得积极进展，应对气候变化工作卓有成效。
As the capital of China, Beijing has always regarded green development as the basic strategy of urban development, and has been innovating and exploring the "dual control" mechanism for the total quantity and intensity of carbon emissions, pilot operation carbon market, and promoting industrial structure optimization and clean and low-carbon energy transformation. With proactive measures taken, Beijing has achieved remarkable progress in green and low-carbon development.
2020年，北京市万元GDP二氧化碳排放量仅为0.41吨，比2015年下降了26%，圆满完成“十三五”规划任务。碳排放权交易试点在北京市碳减排中发挥了“推进器”作用，并为全国碳市场启动和全国低碳城市建设贡献了“北京经验”。
In 2020, Beijing's carbon dioxide emission per 10,000 Yuan of GDP was only 0.41 tons, down 26% from 2015, fulfilling the target of the "National 13th Five-Year Plan". The carbon emission trading pilot has played a "propeller" role in promoting emission reduction in Beijing, as well, contributing a "Beijing model" to the launch of the national carbon market, and campaign of building low-carbon cities across the country.
先行先试 北京市试点为全国碳市场积累经验
Pioneer Beijing Pilot Carbon Market accumulate experience for the national carbon market
2013年作为全国首批试点省市之一，北京市创新性地探索建立了二氧化碳总量控制下的碳排放权交易试点市场，将发电、石化、水泥及服务业等8大行业、800多家重点碳排放单位纳入管理。经过8年的运行，北京市试点碳市场机制逐步完善，市场交易较为活跃，碳配额价格稳健上涨，在全国7个试点碳市场中成交价最高。2021年碳配额线上成交均价72.86元/吨，最高突破107元/吨。截至2021年底，北京碳市场配额累计成交额超过21.1亿元。
In 2013, Beijing innovatively explored and established a pilot carbon market (referred to as “Beijing carbon market”) for carbon emission trading, under total carbon dioxide emission control. More than 800 key carbon emission units in 8 major sectors, including power generation, petrochemical, cement, and service have been included in the carbon market for emission control. After 8 years of pilot operation, a full set of market mechanism and rules have been built, the pilot market maintains a relatively active transaction. The price of carbon allowances in Beijing has risen steadily, with the highest carbon price among the seven pilots in the country, and the average online transaction price of carbon allowances in 2021 was 72.86 yuan/ton, with a maximum of 107 yuan/ton. By the end of 2021, the cumulative turnover of Beijing carbon market allowances exceeded 2.11 billion yuan.
北京市应对气候变化主管部门按年度向重点排放单位发放排放配额作为免费排放上限。经核查发现实际排放超过配额的，须从碳市场购买配额或抵销产品完成年度履约任务。实际排放小于配额的，富余配额可以出售获利。
Beijing municipal climate change authority issues free emission allowances to key emiiters on an annual basis. Enterprises that are found to actually emit more than allowances after verification must purchase allowances or offset products from the carbon market to complete the annual compliance task. Enterprises, whose emissions are less than their obtained emission allowances by optimized management technological innovation, can sell the excess allowances for a profit.
北京试点碳市场率先探索建立了较为完善的碳交易法规和市场规则，公开透明的排放报告、核查、履约和执法体系，以市场交易的方式形成社会公认的碳价。市场手段有效降低了社会综合减碳成本，有力支撑了全市碳排放控制目标的实现，同时也为全国碳市场的启动提供了经验。
Beijing carbon market took the lead in exploring the establishment of relatively complete carbon trading regulations and market rules, an open and transparent emission reporting, verification, compliance and enforcement system, and has formed openly recognized carbon price through market transactions. The market mechanism has effectively reduced the city’s total cost in carbon reduction, strongly supported the realization of the city's carbon emission control goals, and also provided experience for the launch of the national carbon market.
有缺有盈 经济杠杆撬动碳排放单位主动减排
Shortage or Surplus, carbon allowance stimulates carbon emitters to actively reduce emissions
市场机制可以激励低碳技术创新和应用。企业采用低碳技术可以减少实际排放量，获得富余配额，在碳市场取得经济效益，进而形成推动技术创新应用的正循环。
The market mechanism can promote low-carbon technologies innovation and application. Enterprises that adopt low-carbon technologies can reduce emissions, to obtain surplus allowances, getting economic benefits in the carbon market, thereby forming a positive cycle of promoting technological innovation and application
发电行业就是其中一例。减排潜力大的发电行业争相发力，通过清洁能源转换及优化管理等措施，北京市发电行业碳排放强度从2010年的650克/千瓦时下降到2020年的301克/千瓦时，降幅达到53.7%。比如，京西燃气热电有限公司2020年富余配额1.5万吨，为公司带来了很大的经济效益。
The power generation industry is one good example. With great emission reduction potential, the industry is scrambling to make efforts. Through conversion from coal to natural gas, and optimization of operation management, the carbon emission intensity of Beijing's power generation industry has dropped from 650 g/kWh in 2010 to 301 g/kWh in 2020, down 53.7%. As an example，Jingxi Gas Thermal Power Plant realized a surplus allowance of 15,000 tons in 2020, which brought great economic benefits to the company.
Carbon emission intensity of the power generation industry of Beijing during 2011-2020(gCO2/kwh)
北京公交集团于2016年被纳入碳市场管理，由于积极推进低碳排放的电动车、天然气车替代高碳排放的柴油车，与2016年相比，该单位2020年柴油消耗量下降近60%，碳排放强度下降了11%以上。2018年起，其碳排放配额开始富余，2020年富余3.9万吨，市场价值270余万元。按照清洁空气行动计划要求，并受此激励，公交集团加大了新能源车替代柴油车力度，碳减排效益持续释放。清华大学设置了绿色大学办公室，负责挖掘校园节能减碳潜力，并在室外游泳池等多项校园工程中引入太阳能等绿色能源，减少学校运行的能耗和碳排放。
Beijing Public Transport Group was brought into the carbon market in 2016. Its diesel consumption in 2020 has dropped by nearly 60% compared with that in 2016, and its carbon intensity has dropped by more than 11% by actively introducing natural gas vehicle and electric vehicles to replace diesel vehicles. Since 2018, its carbon emission allowances have become surplus and the surplus reached 39,000 tons in 2020, which valued over 2.7 million Yuan. Inspired by the market mechanism and Beijing Clean Air Action requirements, Beijing Public Transport Group has increased its efforts to replace diesel vehicles with new energy vehicles, and the carbon emission reduction effects are realized continuously. Tsinghua University has set up the Green University Office, which is responsible for exploring the energy-saving and carbon-reducing potential in the campus, and has introduced green energy in various campus projects, such as solar energy applied in outdoor swimming pools, so as to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions in campus operations.
碳市场可以有效推动排放单位加大减排力度。稳步上涨的碳价有效提高了碳排放成本，促进碳排放单位采取积极措施减少碳排放。2017-2019年,北京排水集团每年均有数万吨配额亏缺量，购买配额履约费用需一百万元左右。企业通过管理创新，采用沼气、光伏发电等能源替代和节能改造等措施，在污水处理量增加的情况下减少了碳排放，2020年实现配额富余，并于2021年制订了集团碳中和实施方案，计划在2025年实现碳排放量和碳排放强度较2020年下降20%以上。
The carbon market can effectively stimulate emitters to increase emission reduction efforts. The steadily rising carbon price effectively increases the cost of carbon emissions, and stimulates carbon emitters to take active measures to reduce carbon emissions. From 2017 to 2019, Beijing Drainage Group has an average annual deficit of ten thousand tons carbon allowances, paying a bill of one million Yuan. Through fine management, energy conversion and energy-saving retrofit measures such as biogas, photovoltaic power generation, the company has reduced carbon emissions despite the increase in sewage treatment load, achieved carbon allowance surplus in 2020. It has formulated the group's carbon neutrality plan in 2021, and plans to achieve a reduction of at least over 20% in total carbon emissions and carbon emission intensity in 2025 compared with 2020.
共建共享 碳普惠助力公众绿色生活方式养成
Joining and sharing, Public-join-in Carbon Reduction Program helps the public develop a green lifestyle
北京市还在碳市场框架下发展了碳普惠项目，鼓励公众积极践行绿色低碳出行。市民在项目平台注册后，采用公交、地铁、自行车、步行等绿色出行方式时，就能获得对应的碳减排量。项目实施单位将参与者实现的碳减排量集中向主管部门申报，经核定签发的减排量可在北京试点碳市场上出售。项目实施单位将获得的收益以不同方式反馈给参与项目的公众，比如用于支持植树、保护水系等公益活动，也能兑换成公共交通优惠券、购物代金券等。
Under the framework of the carbon market， Beijing developed public-join-in carbon reduction program to encourage the public to actively engage in green and low-carbon transportation . After registering on the project platform, citizens can obtain corresponding carbon emission reductions when they practice green travel such as bus, subway, bicycle, and walking instead of driving. The project organizers report the collected carbon emission reductions by the public to the carbon trading authorities, and the reductions can be sold on the Beijing carbon market after being verified and issued. The organizers returns the profit to project participants in different ways, like a chance to support public welfare activities such as tree planting, and water protection, or exchange them for public transport coupons, shopping vouchers, etc.
项目启动至今，平台累计用户量达30余万人，绿色出行量累计为2100万人次。这也是国内首次通过碳普惠方式，引导公众树立绿色增长、共建共享的理念，使绿色消费、绿色出行成为人们的自觉行动，让人们在充分享受绿色发展所带来的便利和舒适的同时，践行自然、环保、节俭、健康的生活方式。
Since the project was launched, the platform has accumulated more than 300,000 users and 21 million green travel trips. This is the first practice in China, public-join-in carbon reduction program is used to guide the public to establish the concept of green growth, co-construction and sharing. To encourage people consciously adopt a natural, environment friendly and healthy lifestyle while fully enjoying the convenience and comfort brought by green development.
承建全国CCER交易中心 探索与国际碳交易机制合作和接轨
Host the national CCER trading agency; explore cooperation and the integration with the international carbon trading mechanism
目前，生态环境部计划启动中国温室气体自愿减排（CCER)交易机制，鼓励不承担强制性减排义务的企业，主动开发林业碳汇、甲烷回收利用，以及太阳能、风能利用等温室气体减排项目。项目产生的减排量经核证后可作为碳减排产品进入市场交易，引导社会资本投向清洁能源等新领域、新技术，实现跨区生态补偿。
The Ministry of Ecology and Environment （MEE） plans to launch the China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) trading to encourage agencies that do not undertake mandatory emission reduction obligations to actively develop forestry carbon sinks, methane recycling, and other greenhouse gas emission reduction projects such as solar and wind energy utilization. The emission reduction generated by the project can be traded in the market as a carbon emission reduction product after certification, which will help to guide social capital to invest in new fields and technologies such as clean energy, and realize cross-regional ecological compensation.
基于北京市在试点碳市场工作中积累的丰富经验，生态环境部将以部市联建的方式支持北京市承建全国自愿减排交易中心，服务国家碳达峰碳中和愿景。全国碳排放权交易于2021年7月正式启动，首批将2000多家电厂纳入管理。在全国碳市场第一个履约周期中(2021年），北京绿色交易所已经为全国450多家电厂提供了CCER交易服务，完成1850万吨CCER交易量，交易额6.71亿元。
Based on Beijing's rich experience accumulated in the pilot carbon market, MEE cooperates with Beijing Municipality to build the National Certified Emission Reduction Trading Agency in Beijing to serve China's goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The national carbon emission trading was officially launched in July 2021, and the first batch of more than 2,000 power plants was brought under control. In the first compliance cycle of the national carbon market (2021), Beijing Green Exchange has provided CCER trading services for more than 450 power plants across the country, and realized 18.5 million tons of CCER transactions, valued671 million Yuan.
CCER机制是获得国际认可的机制，除了服务于国内碳减排目标外，也将逐步探索与国际碳交易机制的合作与接轨，成为服务全球应对气候变化行动的中国方案之一。
The CCER mechanism is recognized globally. In addition to serving the domestic carbon emission reduction goal, it will also actively explore to cooperate and integrate with international carbon trading mechanism, and become one of China's solutions to deal with climate change.
总的来看，碳交易是推动全社会减少碳排放、积极应对气候变化的重要政策工具，通过市场机制激励管理技术创新、新能源利用、产业升级和全社会的参与，促进经济社会全面绿色转型，为高质量发展提供重要支撑。下一步，北京市将继续深化完善制度设计，更好地发挥市场机制作用，为实现碳达峰碳中和目标做出新的更大贡献。
In general, carbon trading is an important policy tool to actively reduce the carbon emissions, and deal with climate change. It stimulates and promotes policies and technological innovation, renewable energy use, industrial upgrading and public awareness. It promotes a comprehensive green transformation of the economy and society, and provides important support for high-quality development. Next step, Beijing will ameliorate carbon market system design, to make market mechanism play important role in reducing carbon dioxide emission, and make great contributions to the goal of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.
